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Over a few weeks, neuroadaptation often leads to reduced efficacy (tolerance)
When IM remains the better choice: acute detoxification protocols where rapid glutathione delivery is required, doses over 2 mL that can't be split, and patients with very low body fat (under 10%) who lack adequate subcutaneous tissue
Because lipoic acid can undergo reversible oxidation and reduction, it functions as both an electron carrier and an acyl/methylamide carrier
10.1247/csf.20.191 51 HorvathS.GaragnaniP.BacaliniM
Ishibashi M, Akazawa S, Sakamaki H, Matsumoto K, Yamasaki H, Yamaguchi Y, Goto S, Urata Y, Kondo T, Nagataki S: Oxygen-induced embryopathy and the significance of glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in the rat embryo during early organogenesis