Besides GLP-1, DPP-4 also has other substrates and their elevation by DPP-4 inhibition can also contribute to a normalization of glycaemia in type 2 diabetes (indirect target or off-target) (10)
Nevertheless, the fact that DPP-4 is a key player in the clearance of both endogenous peptides has been exploited pharmacologically and, as mentioned above, DPP-4 inhibitors are now an established therapy of T2DM
While accidental exposure early in pregnancy does not automatically mean harm has occurred, there is not enough human safety data to recommend continued use during pregnancy
However, in cells lacking IR, IGF-1 further increased BrdU incorporation, whereas the effect of insulin was diminished as expected
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