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BPC-157 is a 15-residue, 1419.53 g/mol pentadecapeptide whose mechanistic literature centres on local angiogenic signalling, Hsieh and colleagues (J Mol Med, 2017) reported upregulation and internalisation of VEGFR2 in human endothelial cells, and Chang and colleagues (J Appl Physiol, 2011) reported increased FAK and paxillin phosphorylation with greater outgrowth and migration in cultured rat tendon fibroblasts
While mycotoxin toxicity may present as an acute state marked by rapid onset with potential life-threatening illness, most of the negative health impacts observed in the developed (Western) world are due to chronic, low-dose exposures
Nature , 288(5792), 715717
Therefore, activity of the TCA cycle is likely to influence cellular processes by mechanisms beyond just the production of ATP from the electron transport chain