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HFD led to astrocyte proliferation, microglial activation, and upregulation of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- in the hippocampus and cortex, while exenatide treatment significantly reduced these inflammatory markers

One such study by McClean and colleagues [61] observed that liraglutide can cross the blood-brain barrier in substantial amounts and can prevent deficits in the water maze task performance and object recognition in AD model mice

11 It is worth noting that the induction of weight loss by incretin-based therapies is also dependent on additional mechanisms, such as decreasing gastric emptying, lowering food intake, and improving satiety ( Figure )

IGF-1 LR3 is the compound that most directly targets IGF-1 receptors within muscle and other peripheral tissues

Circulation 2017, 135: 1702-1704

Journal of Neuroscience, 2003