It is rhythmically expressed across multiple tissues including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), liver, and retina and its deletion disrupts clock gene expression in both central and peripheral oscillators ( Cellular overexpression of USP2 enhances PER1-mediated repression on CLOCK/BMAL1 transcriptional activity by promoting PER nuclear retention, and consistently, USP2 knockout mice exhibit increased cytoplasmic PER1 and dampened PER2 and REV-ERB rhythmicity ( USP2 deletion in mice impairs synchrony among SCN neurons, dampens molecular rhythms, and alters behavioral circadian outputs, reinforcing USP2s role in maintaining coherence within the central clock network ( 4.2.5 USP7 USP7, also known as HAUSP (Herpes virus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease), has been implicated in circadian rhythms by stabilizing CRY1 and CRY2 proteins through deubiquitination ( Importantly, Usp7 have not yet been defined
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Hence, L-carnitine serves as a shuttle that binds to fatty acid molecules to form acylcarnitine, which can then be transported across the membrane
James MO, Jahn SC, Zhong G, Smeltz MG, Hu Z, Stacpoole PW