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Science 323 , 10741077 (2009)

Bacteriostatic water (BAC water) is defined as sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative, and it must be discarded 28 days after the rubber stopper is first punctured

That is an issue because a dehydrated athlete will have more concentrated urine relative to a well-hydrated athlete, and so the concentration of any substances (prohibited or not) appearing in their urine will be higher, thus increasing the probability of an anti-doping rule violation being pursued against them simply because of their hydration status

Martin, P

While the research was conducted at Seoul National University with IRB approval, commercial funding is a standard disclosure to note

Mental health disorders are common and affect around 16% of men in the United States ( Some research suggests that people with mental health disorders like depression have lower blood folate levels than people without depression ( For example, a large review of 43 studies including over 35,000 people found that those with depression tended to have lower folate levels and typically consumed less folate through their diet than people without depression ( Another review that included 6 studies and 966 people found that taking folic acid supplements alongside antidepressant medication could reduce symptoms of depression significantly more than taking an antidepressant medication alone ( That said, more research in the area of folic acid and treatment for mental health disorders such as depression is needed before making recommendations