Insulin increases angiogenic and inflammatory mediators in retina The early worsening of DR has been consistently reported with the use of insulin and insulin secretagogues such as SUs and semaglutide [2,3,4,5, 9, 49], but not with insulin-independent antidiabetic agents like metformin or empagliflozin [6,7,8, 49]
This hormone travels together with absorbed bile acids through the circulation to the liver, where they inhibit de novo bile acid synthesis
The efficacy difference is substantial
A low-FODMAP diet, which removes certain types of sugars that ferment in the gut, may also help some people manage bloating
Concurrent GLP-1 or insulin use
TH: Investigation, Writing review & editing, Funding acquisition, Writing original draft, Conceptualization