These included TCA cycle intermediates such as citrate, cis -aconitate, -ketoglutarate, and various amino acids including glutamate, proline, aspartate, asparagine, and alanine as well as glutathione, pyroglutamate, and ornithine
Many patients tolerate metformin well, but gastrointestinal side effectsincluding nausea, bloating, and diarrheaoccur in 1530% of users and can offset any weight loss benefits
Clinical trials have demonstrated reductions in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other inflammatory biomarkers, though these effects may be mediated through weight reduction rather than direct anti-inflammatory action
What are the treatment options
Previous FDA panels have largely been composed of academics and researchers
According to the Naranjo probability scale, topiramate was the probable cause of epistaxis