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41 In addition, the specific knockout or ablation of INSR in livers prevents insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP), 42,43 suggesting a direct role for INSR in hepatic IR
These results are the basis for a positioning of the DPP-4 inhibitors as second-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, especially, when hypoglycaemia should strictly be avoided (see section below)
Ethics declarations Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors
Thus, a number of studies have shown a positive association between plasma DPP-4 activity and BMI in non-diabetic individuals (7880), and it has been proposed that the release of DPP-4 from adipose tissue may provide one explanation for the increased plasma DPP-4 activity measured in obese subjects
They offer a flexible way to treat B12 deficiency