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If bruising is large (larger than a quarter), painful beyond tenderness, or does not fade within two weeks, consult a healthcare provider
This reclassification could potentially impact the use of bulk drug substances in its formulation
Presented for research literature review only Jiang WJ et al
Several in vitro and in vivo results have expanded the role of these molecules from potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion to promoting -cell survival under different stressful environments by favoring proliferation, neogenesis and resistance to apoptosis ( via secretion of IGF-2 from the same cells ( In agreement with experimental studies, GLP-1 analogues, particularly liraglutide, sustain the maintenance of -cell function in obese individuals with early T2D, and these effects are presumably independent of weight loss ( Further, experimental data suggest that the pro-survival action of GLP-1RAs may also be mediated by the Akt-dependent stimulation of the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway, the activation of which is dependent upon the IGF-1R, as observed in rodent islet cells ( in vitro , exendin-4 lost the ability to activate this pathway, suggesting that GLP-1 analogues may restore -cell proliferation via autocrine or paracrine activation of IGF-1R ( In concert, these results define a new scenario of action for incretin-based therapy that may involve the adipo-insular axis, linking the weight lowering competence with the sustained protection of -cells from diabetogenic stressors
Siemensma EP, de Lind van Wijngaarden RF, Otten BJ, de Jong FH, Hokken-Koelega AC
Our approach can include, but is not limited to: GLP-1 Microdosing Some patients respond better to smaller, customized dosing rather than standard protocols
