These key studies clearly provided clinical proof-of-concept that blocking the catalytic activity of DPP-4 could be a viable approach to treat T2DM, whilst at the same time helped to allay concern over whether the metabolism of any other potential DPP-4 substrates might be affected to cause unwanted off-target effects
Fortified foods offer another option
But it also means pregnancy can happen unexpectedly, so contraception and timing matter
The direct cardiovascular effects represent a combination of platelet inhibition, augmented fibrinolytic responses, and attenuated thrombogenesis that collectively address not only the prothrombotic phenotypes of DM mellitus, obesity, and chronic kidney disease but a novel prevention approach beyond traditional risk factors for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death [90, 91]
the literature references about 330 mcg per dose
The question of treatment duration remains incompletely answered