Chen H-H, Hung C-H, Kao A-W, Hsieh H-F
Different testing methods are used to test for toxicity because each toxin is excreted differently
Hepatocyte ballooning was classified as 0 (none), 1 (few), or 2 (many cells/prominent ballooning)
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Supports nerve healing and reduces neuropathic pain
Notably, curcumin activates 5-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibits mTOR (Zuo et al., 2021), remodels autophagy homeostasis to eliminate UV-induced damaged proteins, and regulates the Bcl-2/caspase-3 balance (Liu et al., 2018) and CD39/CD73-adenosine pathway (Manica et al., 2024), achieving a precise balance between anti-apoptosis and pro-repair