One cause of B12 deficiency includes pernicious anemia, a condition that results in a reduction of red blood cells when the intestines cannot absorb enough vitamin B12
What the Authoritative Sources Say About B12 Deficiency and Supplementation The National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements publishes the most thorough citation-backed overview of vitamin B12 its role in red blood cell formation and neurological function, the populations most at risk for deficiency (older adults, people on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, vegetarians and vegans, people who have had gastric bypass surgery), and the recommended daily intake at each life stage
Those controlled study amounts describe a different route and cannot be converted into subcutaneous syringe units or oral amounts
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Hydroxocobalamin: Professional patient advice
It also plays a role in energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism