An increase of 6.5 fold and ~2 fold in brain delivery of methylprednisolone [43] and the opioid peptide [44] respectively were reported in rat brain when compared with a control where a free drug was used
For example, Escherichia coli secretes -glucuronidase, which facilitates the conjugation of serotonin with glucuronic acid to form the water-soluble metabolite 5-hydroxytryptophan glucuronide (5-HTG), thereby enhancing its excretion ( Clostridium scindens upregulates monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity, promoting the oxidative deamination of serotonin into the inactive metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (Li et al., 2025)
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