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As a 2026 review noted, the original composition-of-matter patents "have likely expired reducing the commercial exclusivity that typically incentivizes industry-sponsored Phase II and III development" [13]
Xie et al., 2016)
Stimulants (in-competition) S7
Mol Cell Biol 37
10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02238.x 14 da SilvaW
Depending on stimuli, microglia can adopt distinct phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory state (induced by lipopolysaccharide and characterized by production of cytokines such as TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6) and the M2 anti-inflammatory state (induced by IL-4 or IL-13, promoting repair) [122, 123]
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