In summary, we found that high glucose increases ROS production in PSCs, which in turn activates PSCs by upregulating the TGF signalling pathway to promote their proliferation and migration
One involves the secretion of cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzyme, while the other triggers apoptosis through death receptor pathways by expressing tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and/or Fas ligand (FasL)
Metformin primarily reduces liver glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity, while GLP-1 agonists directly activate appetite-suppressing hormones in the brain
In PD models, BDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons, enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission, and improves motor performance 29
Analyses were performed using GROMACS tools
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