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Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease

These discoveries, along with other promising findings in metabolic health research, led to 5-Amino-1MQ becoming a popular molecule used in metabolic health protocols

PubMed Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al

This creates an important clinical reality

Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2011, Volume 17 (Issue 16), Pages 1612-32

Rigorous studies are still needed to confirm whether these peptides deliver consistent results in humans