First, 4.5 mg was the top dose studied, not the dose selected
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Besides peptides, vitamin and hormone (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid hormone) levels are optimized in order to maximize the bodys ability to heal itself
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This includes people with: Pernicious anaemia (autoimmune destruction of intrinsic factor-producing cells), typically requiring lifelong IM injections Crohn's disease or surgical resection affecting the terminal ileum Coeliac disease causing malabsorption (may improve with gluten-free diet) Chronic pancreatitis reducing enzyme availability needed for B12 release Vegans and strict vegetarians need reliable B12 sources through fortified foods or supplements, as plant-based diets contain negligible amounts of active B12

* --- Some additional studies of low B12 and poor cognition Metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency: a missed opportunity to prevent dementia and stroke- 2015 Vitamin B12 status, cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies - 2012 FREE PDF Higher vitamin B12 level at Parkinson's disease diagnosis is associated with lower risk of future dementia - April 2020, Low Vitamin B12 Levels: An Underestimated Cause Of Minimal Cognitive Impairment And Dementia - Feb 2020 FREE PDF, Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly population with dementia - Feb 2020 FREE PDF Possible role of vitamin B12 in cognitive decline seen in dementia and Alzheimers disease - PhD Thesis Metformin (oral glucose-lowering drug) causes B12 deficiency - July 2021 * Long-term metformin therapy and vitamin B12 deficiency: An association to bear in mind * DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.916 FREE PDF Unraveling The Complexity Of Vitamin B12 Diseases - Jan 2022 * ScienceBlog Baylor University * Tackling the complexity of two inherited vitamin B12 diseases Vitamin B-12 and the Gastrointestinal Microbiome - March 2022 * A Systematic Review * behind paywall ABSTRACT Vitamin B-12 deficiency is a major public health problem affecting individuals across the lifespan, with known hematological, neurological, and obstetric consequences
