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In animal and cell culture studies, GHK-Cu stimulates the proliferation of dermal papilla cells, the structures at the base of each hair follicle that govern its growth cycle

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It also performs a dual action that distinguishes it from simple collagen-boosting ingredients: it upregulates the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2) that clear damaged collagen, while simultaneously upregulating tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1) that prevent excessive degradation [3]

Sikiric et al., 2017

The higher efficacy of R-lipoic acid as compared to alpha-lipoic acid, which is a mixture of both forms, may be related to the higher rate of R-lipoic acid absorption by the lens

Kolarikova M, Hosikova B, Dilenko H, BartonTomankova K, Valkova L, Bajgar R, et al