Probiotics, particularly strains of Lactobacillus, may support both gut health (improving GI side effects) and vaginal/urinary flora (reducing UTI risk)
Most of the effects of leptin are mediated through POMC neurons in the central nervous system
But it lacks the comprehensive metabolic remodeling you get from simultaneous GLP-1/GIP/glucagon activation
In fact, weight loss often increases fertility, particularly in women who were previously struggling with obesity related subfertility
Propionic acid also exerts protective effects on epithelial cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC), thereby promoting the acetylation of histones such as H3K9ac and H3K14ac and subsequently increasing the expression of the tight junction protein ZO-1 and mucin MUC2 109
The most common side effects were gastrointestinal, with the majority being mild to moderate in severity