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hospitalization required Maintenance of Remission: Immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-MP, methotrexate) for steroid-dependent or frequently-relapsing disease Biologic monotherapy or combination therapy (biologic + immunomodulator) for moderate-to-severe disease Step-up or top-down approach based on disease severity, patient risk factors, and prior therapy Biologic Therapy Targets: TNF-: Infliximab (IV), adalimumab (SC), certolizumab pegol (SC) IL-12/23: Ustekinumab (IV induction, SC maintenance) Integrin: Vedolizumab (IV) IL-23: Risankizumab (IV induction, SC maintenance) JAK inhibition: Upadacitinib (oral) Surgical Management Surgery is indicated in approximately 7080% of patients with Crohns disease over their lifetime, per StatPearls
Vitamin B12 is important for growth, cell reproduction, blood formation, and protein and nerve metabolism
Once your hands are clean and dry, you can confidently handle your sterile supplies without introducing unwanted germs into the process
Hufeldt, M
the exact cell type or adipose depot
Elevated serum B12 levels often indicate underlying conditions such as haematological disorders, liver disease, or renal impairment rather than toxicity from supplementation
