Oral administration was done from gestational day (GD) 619
Benzyl alcohol, commonly used as a preservative in injectable b12 products, can cause reactions in sensitive individuals
Commercial products use various concentrations based on extrapolation from preclinical data rather than human optimization studies
Competing Interests The authors declare the following competing interests: [Donghoon Kang and Chin-Ju Park] are listed as an inventor on a pending patent application related to A peptide inhibitor for senescent cell elimination, and a use thereof, filed by [Gwangju institute of science and technology] under application number KR10-2024-0086615
Clinical Evidence Review (2025 Update) The clinical landscape of GHK-Cu has matured since the early 2000s, with several peer-reviewed human studies now confirming moderate but measurable benefits
The study employed various exogenous and endogenous antioxidants, including ascorbate, -carotene, lycopene, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, retinol, CAT, SOD, GPX, GST, albumin, and total Bilirubin