They are not appropriate for everyone
Below lists the scale number
Some of these have plausible supporting roles for example, piperine from black pepper has been studied for its ability to enhance the absorption of certain compounds.34 Still, at a total dose of just 22mg, and because the blend is proprietary, its difficult to determine how much each ingredient contributes individually
Obulesu M, Venu R, Somashekhar R (2011) Lipid peroxidation in Alzheimers disease: emphasis on metal-mediated neurotoxicity
You may also like to compare it with Liposomal Vitamin C, another formula often used in skin and antioxidant routines
Placing three substances in one vial creates a preparation with no literature of its own, assembled from three literatures that were never designed to be combined