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McGrath KH, Haller W, Bines JE
Exendin-4 increases mRNA expression of Il1b, Il6, Il22, Il12b, Tnfa, Ccl2, Cxcl1 , and Cxcl2 (innate immunity), regenerating islet-derived protein 2, RegIIIy and RegIIIB (anti-microbial proteins), as well as Il-5, Il-13 (pathogen clearance) within 4 h of administration, returning to baseline expression by 24 h (Yusta et al., 2015), suggesting that GLP-1R activation engages a cytoprotective response
5 Conclusions In conclusion, GLP-1 plays a pivotal role in controlling both blood glucose levels and body weight
Its primary role is to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, toxins, and heavy metals
One small study showed morning dosing may offer about 15% better post-prandial glucose control, but the more impactful consideration is whether morning or evening timing better manages your side effects and aligns with your routine