The enzymatic complex superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate- oxidase (NADPH-oxidase, specifically, the NOX4 isoform localized in the mitochondria) have been identified as the main source of H 2 O 2 ( 2 O 2 production by SOD activity leads to an early inhibition of EAS enzymes activity such as TrxR (Schallreuter et al., 1991a), CAT and GPx, which in turn, leads to an increase in Fenton reaction, increasing hydroxyl concentrations (Fe 2+ + H 2 O 2 Fe 3+ + OH + OH) to a toxic level, that ultimately, leads to a significant peroxidation in several cellular components (membranes, proteins, mitochondria, and DNA) (Schallreuter, 2014)
Glutaredoxin s12: unique properties for redox signaling
In its reduced form, it helps neutralize peroxides, thanks to its free thiol group
Hahn, A
So how can it be unsafe
Further investigations demonstrated that under ultrasound (US) stimulation, the piezoelectric film not only maintained high biosafety but also significantly enhanced cell proliferation and migration
