Any intervention producing significant weight loss, whether dietary, surgical, or pharmaceutical, carries elevated gallstone risk
Viable bacteria inside macrophages were visualized via confocal microscopy following induction with anhydrotetracycline (aTc) (Fig
It is characterised by inflammation and atrophy of the gastric mucosa resulting in reduced production of intrinsic factor and gastric acid
Mild injection-site irritation or localized inflammation
Medication-induced deficiency: Long-term use of certain medications, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and metformin, can interfere with vitamin B12 absorption and contribute to deficiency
It is the most common side effect by a wide margin, and it typically follows a predictable pattern